What is a subordinate loan?

A loan that sits in a lesser position to the first mortgage loan.

A subordinate loan sits in a lesser position to the first mortgage loan (i.e., it subordinates to that first loan).

The loan in the first position would be paid first in the case of a default. The junior (or second) lien is paid if funds remain after the fact.  Examples of subordinate loans include HELOCs and second mortgages used for combination financing.